When centering, place the height of the CR 2.Canine hip dysplasia is the abnormal development and growth of a dog’s hip joint. if using a CR system, a smaller cassette 30x35 can be used when the sacral region does not need to be demonstrated.a breathing technique is a radiographical technique employed in some departments if imaging equipment permits.ECG leads, urinary catheters), especially when performing horizontal beam technique in a trauma context try to remove as many possible image artefacts (i.e. a spot radiograph may be required to show a clearer visualization of the L4/L5/S1 articulation.for particular patients, it is advisable to place a small radiolucent triangle sponge under the side in contact with the table at waist height to reduce spine convexity.This will utilize the diverging beam and aid in achieving superimposition of the upper and lower endplates if the patient demonstrates spinal scoliosis, ensure that the side with the convexity is closest to the IR.utilize an erect bucky when performing horizontal beam laterals to utilize oscillating grids, automatic expose control, and CR/IR alignment.the three-column concept of thoracolumbar spinal fractures is of particular importance when assessing this image for pathology.adequate image penetration and image contrast is evident by clear visualization of lumbar vertebral bodies, with both trabecular and cortical bone demonstrated.This indicates a true lateral has been achieved superimposition of the greater sciatic notches, the superior articulating facets and the superior and inferior endplates. the entire lumbar spine should be visible from T12/ L1- L5/S1.yes (ensure the correct grid is selected if using focussed grids).posterior to include all elements of the posterior column, particularly the spinous processes.anterior to include the anterior border of the lumbar vertebral bodies.the central ray is perpendicular to the image receptor.coronal centering point is directly over the lumbar vertebra, which corresponds to the posterior third of the abdomen.expiration (to minimize superimposition of the diaphragm over the upper lumbar spine).Ask the patient to cross their arms over their upper thorax, or to extend them in a similar position to that achieved in the lateral decubitus position when implementing horizontal beam technique, ensure the distal upper limbs are not overlying the region of interest.Spinal curvature in the AP projection will determine if a right lateral or a left lateral is performed. in the lateral decubitus position, position the patient so that the humeri are extended 90 degrees to the thorax, with the elbows flexed so that the forearms are parallel to the thorax.the patient is positioned erect, supine or lateral recumbent, depending on clinical history. Otherwise, patients with a suspected spinal injury must remain in the supine position without any movement. Note: Ideally, spinal imaging should be taken erect in the non-trauma setting to give a functional overview of the lumbar spine. This view is also ideal in characterizing spinal alignment. This projection shows an orthogonal view of the AP/PA view and is utilized in many imaging contexts including trauma, postoperatively, and for chronic conditions.
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